二、研究取向與哲學基礎之演化 1. 學科哲學基礎的三要素 Every disciplinary philosophy, therefore, contains both an epistemology and an ontology-a framework which defines what we can come to know about it. Together these are used to define a methodology, a set of rules and procedures which indicates how research and argument are to be conducted within the discipline :how information can be collected and organized. Use of the methodology allows the accumulation of a disciplinary store of knowledge, the results of work aimed at comprehending a particular topic and which are accepted as valid because they were collected within the criteria of epistemology and ontology that are part of the relevant philosophy. (R.J.Johnston, 1983) |
||
1) 經驗主義(Empiricist approaches)之哲學基礎 · 認識論(epistemology) : 透過經驗而得到的地理知識 · 本體論(ontology): 我們所經驗到的事即存在之知識 · 方法論(methodology): 僅需要陳述經驗之事實 2) 實證主義取向(positivist approaches)之哲學基礎 · 認識論(epistemology):知識的獲得雖然仍由經驗, 但是該經驗是被同領域之學者確信 建立 於可檢驗之基礎上 · 本體論(ontology): 經同領域之學者認同之証據 · 方法論(methodology):可驗証的事實陳述,通常是指 「科學的方法」。 3) 人本主義取向(Humanistic approaches)之哲學基礎 · 認識論(epistemology):知識的獲得主觀地由個人的世界產生 · 本體論(ontology): 知識的存在在於人們識覺(perceive)到的 · 方法論(methodology): 涉及個人世界之研究。它與實証主義方法相反,強調個別性 (indivduality)及主觀性 (subjectivity),而不看重複製性(replicability)及真實性(truth)。 4) 結構主義取向(structuralist approaches)之哲學基礎 · 認識論(epistemology): 世界之外貌(我們所理解的)並未展示出形成該世界之「機制」(mechanisms) · 本體論(ontology): 研究形成該世界之機制,需要可以証明「機制」真正存在的本體論, 然而「機制」是無法直接觀察 的,惟有透過思考 · 方法論(methodology): 研究者多採取理論之建構(如模式、數學公式等之建立), 藉以証明觀察到的知識。因為該 知識的存在難以用直接的証據証明,所以也無法測試。 |